SpringBoot定时任务 - Netty HashedWheelTimer方式

arcstack约 2035 字大约 7 分钟

SpringBoot定时任务 - Netty HashedWheelTimer方式

Timer和ScheduledExecutorService是JDK内置的定时任务方案,而业内还有一个经典的定时任务的设计叫时间轮(Timing Wheel), Netty内部基于时间轮实现了一个HashedWheelTimer来优化百万量级I/O超时的检测,它是一个高性能,低消耗的数据结构,它适合用非准实时,延迟的短平快任务,例如心跳检测。本文主要介绍时间轮(Timing Wheel)及其使用。@pdai

知识准备

需要对时间轮(Timing Wheel),以及Netty的HashedWheelTimer要解决什么问题有初步的认识。

什么是时间轮(Timing Wheel)

时间轮(Timing Wheel)是George Varghese和Tony Lauck在1996年的论文'Hashed and Hierarchical Timing Wheels: data structures to efficiently implement a timer facility 在新窗口打开open in new window '实现的,它在Linux内核中使用广泛,是Linux内核定时器的实现方法和基础之一。

时间轮(Timing Wheel)是一种环形的数据结构,就像一个时钟可以分成很多格子(Tick),每个格子代表时间的间隔,它指向存储的具体任务(timerTask)的一个链表。

springboot-timer-timewheel-1.png 以上述在论文中的图片例子,这里一个轮子包含8个格子(Tick), 每个tick是一秒钟; 任务的添加:如果一个任务要在17秒后执行,那么它需要转2轮,最终加到Tick=1位置的链表中。 任务的执行:在时钟转2Round到Tick=1的位置,开始执行这个位置指向的链表中的这个任务。(# 这里表示剩余需要转几轮再执行这个任务)

Netty的HashedWheelTimer要解决什么问题

HashedWheelTimer是Netty根据时间轮(Timing Wheel)开发的工具类,它要解决什么问题呢?这里面有两个要点:延迟任务 + 低时效性。@pdai

在Netty中的一个典型应用场景是判断某个连接是否idle,如果idle(如客户端由于网络原因导致到服务器的心跳无法送达),则服务器会主动断开连接,释放资源。判断连接是否idle是通过定时任务完成的,但是Netty可能维持数百万级别的长连接,对每个连接去定义一个定时任务是不可行的,所以如何提升I/O超时调度的效率呢? Netty根据时间轮(Timing Wheel)开发了HashedWheelTimer工具类,用来优化I/O超时调度(本质上是延迟任务);之所以采用时间轮(Timing Wheel)的结构还有一个很重要的原因是I/O超时这种类型的任务对时效性不需要非常精准。

HashedWheelTimer的使用方式

在了解时间轮(Timing Wheel)和Netty的HashedWheelTimer要解决的问题后,我们看下HashedWheelTimer的使用方式

通过构造函数看主要参数

    public HashedWheelTimer(
            ThreadFactory threadFactory,
            long tickDuration, TimeUnit unit, int ticksPerWheel, boolean leakDetection,
            long maxPendingTimeouts, Executor taskExecutor) {

    }

具体参数说明如下:

  • threadFactory:线程工厂,用于创建工作线程, 默认是Executors.defaultThreadFactory()
  • tickDuration:tick的周期,即多久tick一次
  • unit: tick周期的单位
  • ticksPerWheel:时间轮的长度,一圈下来有多少格
  • leakDetection:是否开启内存泄漏检测,默认是true
  • maxPendingTimeouts:最多执行的任务数,默认是-1,即不限制。在高并发量情况下才会设置这个参数。

实现案例

这里展示下HashedWheelTimer的基本使用案例。@pdai

Pom依赖

引入pom的依赖

    <dependency>
        <groupId>io.netty</groupId>
        <artifactId>netty-all</artifactId>
        <version>4.1.77.Final</version>
    </dependency>

2个简单例子

例子1:5秒后执行TimerTask

    @SneakyThrows
    public static void simpleHashedWheelTimer() {
        log.info("init task 1...");
        
        HashedWheelTimer timer = new HashedWheelTimer(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS, 8);

        // add a new timeout
        timer.newTimeout(timeout -> {
            log.info("running task 1...");
        }, 5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
    }

执行结果如下:

    23:32:21.364 [main] INFO tech.pdai.springboot.schedule.timer.netty.HashedWheelTimerTester - init task 1...
    ...
    23:32:27.454 [pool-1-thread-1] INFO tech.pdai.springboot.schedule.timer.netty.HashedWheelTimerTester - running task 1...

例子2:任务失效后cancel并让它重新在3秒后执行。

    @SneakyThrows
    public static void reScheduleHashedWheelTimer() {
        log.info("init task 2...");

        HashedWheelTimer timer = new HashedWheelTimer(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS, 8);

        Thread.sleep(5000);

        // add a new timeout
        Timeout tm = timer.newTimeout(timeout -> {
            log.info("running task 2...");
        }, 5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

        // cancel
        if (!tm.isExpired()) {
            log.info("cancel task 2...");
            tm.cancel();
        }

        // reschedule
        timer.newTimeout(tm.task(), 3, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
    }

    23:28:36.408 [main] INFO tech.pdai.springboot.schedule.timer.netty.HashedWheelTimerTester - init task 2...
    23:28:41.412 [main] INFO tech.pdai.springboot.schedule.timer.netty.HashedWheelTimerTester - cancel task 2...
    23:28:45.414 [pool-2-thread-1] INFO tech.pdai.springboot.schedule.timer.netty.HashedWheelTimerTester - running task 2...

进一步理解

我们通过如下问题进一步理解HashedWheelTimer。@pdai

HashedWheelTimer是如何实现的?

简单看下HashedWheelTimer是如何实现的

springboot-timer-timewheel-3.png
springboot-timer-timewheel-3.png
  • Worker:worker工作线程主要负责任务调度触发,单线程运行。
  • HashedWheelBucket: 时间轮上面的格子,内部持有HashedWheelTimeout组成的链表结构的头尾节点,多个格子组成的时间轮形成一圈又一圈的任务环
  • HashedWheelTimeout: 往时间轮里面提交的任务会被封装成HashedWheelTimeout

构造函数

    public HashedWheelTimer(
            ThreadFactory threadFactory,
            long tickDuration, TimeUnit unit, int ticksPerWheel, boolean leakDetection,
            long maxPendingTimeouts, Executor taskExecutor) {

        checkNotNull(threadFactory, "threadFactory");
        checkNotNull(unit, "unit");
        checkPositive(tickDuration, "tickDuration");
        checkPositive(ticksPerWheel, "ticksPerWheel");
        this.taskExecutor = checkNotNull(taskExecutor, "taskExecutor");

        // Normalize ticksPerWheel to power of two and initialize the wheel.
        wheel = createWheel(ticksPerWheel);
        mask = wheel.length - 1;

        // Convert tickDuration to nanos.
        long duration = unit.toNanos(tickDuration);

        // Prevent overflow.
        if (duration >= Long.MAX_VALUE / wheel.length) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.format(
                    "tickDuration: %d (expected: 0 < tickDuration in nanos < %d",
                    tickDuration, Long.MAX_VALUE / wheel.length));
        }

        if (duration < MILLISECOND_NANOS) {
            logger.warn("Configured tickDuration {} smaller than {}, using 1ms.",
                        tickDuration, MILLISECOND_NANOS);
            this.tickDuration = MILLISECOND_NANOS;
        } else {
            this.tickDuration = duration;
        }

        workerThread = threadFactory.newThread(worker);

        leak = leakDetection || !workerThread.isDaemon() ? leakDetector.track(this) : null;

        this.maxPendingTimeouts = maxPendingTimeouts;

        if (INSTANCE_COUNTER.incrementAndGet() > INSTANCE_COUNT_LIMIT &&
            WARNED_TOO_MANY_INSTANCES.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
            reportTooManyInstances();
        }
    }

创建wheel

    private static HashedWheelBucket[] createWheel(int ticksPerWheel) {
        //ticksPerWheel may not be greater than 2^30
        checkInRange(ticksPerWheel, 1, 1073741824, "ticksPerWheel");

        ticksPerWheel = normalizeTicksPerWheel(ticksPerWheel);
        HashedWheelBucket[] wheel = new HashedWheelBucket[ticksPerWheel];
        for (int i = 0; i < wheel.length; i ++) {
            wheel[i] = new HashedWheelBucket();
        }
        return wheel;
    }

    private static int normalizeTicksPerWheel(int ticksPerWheel) {
        int normalizedTicksPerWheel = 1;
        while (normalizedTicksPerWheel < ticksPerWheel) {
            normalizedTicksPerWheel <<= 1;
        }
        return normalizedTicksPerWheel;
    }

任务的添加

    @Override
    public Timeout newTimeout(TimerTask task, long delay, TimeUnit unit) {
        checkNotNull(task, "task");
        checkNotNull(unit, "unit");

        long pendingTimeoutsCount = pendingTimeouts.incrementAndGet();

        if (maxPendingTimeouts > 0 && pendingTimeoutsCount > maxPendingTimeouts) {
            pendingTimeouts.decrementAndGet();
            throw new RejectedExecutionException("Number of pending timeouts ("
                + pendingTimeoutsCount + ") is greater than or equal to maximum allowed pending "
                + "timeouts (" + maxPendingTimeouts + ")");
        }

        start();

        // Add the timeout to the timeout queue which will be processed on the next tick.
        // During processing all the queued HashedWheelTimeouts will be added to the correct HashedWheelBucket.
        long deadline = System.nanoTime() + unit.toNanos(delay) - startTime;

        // Guard against overflow.
        if (delay > 0 && deadline < 0) {
            deadline = Long.MAX_VALUE;
        }
        HashedWheelTimeout timeout = new HashedWheelTimeout(this, task, deadline);
        timeouts.add(timeout);
        return timeout;
    }

执行方法

    /** * Starts the background thread explicitly. The background thread will * start automatically on demand even if you did not call this method. * * @throws IllegalStateException if this timer has been * {@linkplain #stop() stopped} already */
    public void start() {
        switch (WORKER_STATE_UPDATER.get(this)) {
            case WORKER_STATE_INIT:
                if (WORKER_STATE_UPDATER.compareAndSet(this, WORKER_STATE_INIT, WORKER_STATE_STARTED)) {
                    workerThread.start();
                }
                break;
            case WORKER_STATE_STARTED:
                break;
            case WORKER_STATE_SHUTDOWN:
                throw new IllegalStateException("cannot be started once stopped");
            default:
                throw new Error("Invalid WorkerState");
        }

        // Wait until the startTime is initialized by the worker.
        while (startTime == 0) {
            try {
                startTimeInitialized.await();
            } catch (InterruptedException ignore) {
                // Ignore - it will be ready very soon.
            }
        }
    }

停止方法

    @Override
    public Set<Timeout> stop() {
        if (Thread.currentThread() == workerThread) {
            throw new IllegalStateException(
                    HashedWheelTimer.class.getSimpleName() +
                            ".stop() cannot be called from " +
                            TimerTask.class.getSimpleName());
        }

        if (!WORKER_STATE_UPDATER.compareAndSet(this, WORKER_STATE_STARTED, WORKER_STATE_SHUTDOWN)) {
            // workerState can be 0 or 2 at this moment - let it always be 2.
            if (WORKER_STATE_UPDATER.getAndSet(this, WORKER_STATE_SHUTDOWN) != WORKER_STATE_SHUTDOWN) {
                INSTANCE_COUNTER.decrementAndGet();
                if (leak != null) {
                    boolean closed = leak.close(this);
                    assert closed;
                }
            }

            return Collections.emptySet();
        }

        try {
            boolean interrupted = false;
            while (workerThread.isAlive()) {
                workerThread.interrupt();
                try {
                    workerThread.join(100);
                } catch (InterruptedException ignored) {
                    interrupted = true;
                }
            }

            if (interrupted) {
                Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
            }
        } finally {
            INSTANCE_COUNTER.decrementAndGet();
            if (leak != null) {
                boolean closed = leak.close(this);
                assert closed;
            }
        }
        return worker.unprocessedTimeouts();
    }

什么是多级Timing Wheel?

多级的时间轮是比较好理解的,时钟是有小时,分钟,秒的,秒转一圈(Round)分钟就转一个格(Tick), 分钟转一圈(Round)小时就转一格(Tick)。

springboot-timer-timewheel-2.png PS:显然HashedWheelTimer是一层时间轮。

示例源码

https://github.com/realpdai/tech-pdai-spring-demos

上次编辑于:
贡献者: javatodo